K. Robins / F. Webster

Times of the technoculture. 1999. Routledge.

µÎ ÀúÀÚÀÇ ±×°£ÀÇ ³í¹®, Àú¼­ µîÀÇ Á¾ÇÕÆÇ.


Information technology: a luddite analysis. 1986 / the political economy of information, 1989. / theories of the info society. 1995.

ÀÌ¿Ü Á¤º¸»çȸ, Á¤º¸±â¼ú °ü·Ã ³í¹® ´Ù¼ö....


1. ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÇ ÃëÁö/ °üÁ¡ / ³í¼úÀÇ ¹æ½Ä:

times of the technoculture: ¡®±â¼ú¹®È­¡¯¶ó´Â À̸§Áþ±â. ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿Í »çȸ¿¡¼­ ±â¼ú-ƯÈ÷, Á¤º¸Åë½Å±â¼ú-°ú ¿¬°üµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¹®Á¦ÀÇ ¹üÀ§¿Í ºñÁßÀÇ ³ÐÀÌ¿Í ±íÀÌ-Á¤Ä¡, °æÁ¦, ¹®È­ÀÇ ¿µ¿ª-¸¦ °¨¾ÈÇÑ À̸§.


to bridge the divide between political economy and cyberculture agendas. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °Å½ÃÀû, ÀüÁöÀû ½ÃÁ¡¿¡¼­ ICTs¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â ÀÛ¾÷ÀÇ Á߿伺À» °­Á¶.


-- Á¤Ä¡Àû/»çȸÀû/¿ª»çÀû ¸Æ¶ô¿¡¼­ ±â¼úÀ» ¹Ù¶óº¸´Â ÀÔÀå

-- ³«°ü·Ð vs. ºñ°ü·ÐÀÇ À̺йýÀû ³íÀÇÀÇ Å»ÇÇ (technology as  liberation vs. technology as colonisation)


claims vs. realitiesÀÇ ´ë¸³Ç× ¼³Á¤.

IT, IS, IR °ü·Ã ÁÖÀå/³íÀǵéÀÇ paradoxµéÀÇ ¹ß°ß°ú ¼³¸í /

ÁÖ·ùÀÇ ÀνÄ, ÁÖÀå, »ç°í¹æ½Ä (´ã·Ð) vs. ºñÆÇÀû Á¢±Ù, Çö½ÇÀÇ Àü°³¾ç»ó°úÀÇ ´ëºñ


(1) luddismÀÇ ÀçÇؼ®: ´Ü¼øÇÑ ±â°èÆı« ¿îµ¿ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó enclosure movement·Î ´ëº¯µÇ´Â º¯È­ÇÏ´Â »çȸ, Áï °³È­ÇØ°¡´Â ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ³í¸®¿¡ Áö¹èµÇ¾î°¡´Â »î°ú »çȸÀû °ü°èÀÇ º¯È­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ׿


¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ global network society ¿ª½Ã, ¶Ç ÇϳªÀÇ enclosure movement·Î¼­, ÀÚº»ÀÇ °æÁ¦¿ø¸®°¡ Àü Áö±¸Àû Â÷¿ø¿¡¼­ °­Á¦ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â »î°ú »çȸÀÇ ÀçÆí¼º °úÁ¤À̶ó´Â ½Ã°¢. luddismÀº ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀǹÌÀÇ reference points¸¦ Á¦°øÇØÁشٴ °Í. 


(2) ¿ª»çÀû °üÁ¡?: mobilisationÀ̶ó´Â °³³äÀÇ µµÀÔ:

±â¼ú¹ßÀüÀÇ ¿ª»ç, ¶Ç´Â ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ °æÁ¦¹ßÀüÀÇ È帧À̶ó´Â Â÷¿øÀÇ ¿ª»çÀû °üÁ¡ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀÚº»°ú ³ëµ¿ÀÇ °ü°è¾ç»óÀÇ ¿ª»çÀû º¯È­¶ó´Â ¸Æ¶ô¿¡¼­.



ÀÌ¿¡ µû¸¥ ½Ã´ë¿Í »çȸÀÇ ±¸ºÐÀº;

absolute mobilisation: »çȸÀüü Áú¼­ÀÇ ÀçÆí¼º (e.g. enclosures): 19¼¼±â

relative mobilisation: ÀÚº»ÀÇ ÇöÀå, °øÀå³»ºÎÀÇ ÅëÁ¦Ã¼Á¦ÀÇ ±¸Ãà (e.g., scientific management).: 20¼¼±â ÃÊ Á߹ݱîÁö


Á¤º¸»çȸ¿¡¼­ÀÇ mobilisationÀÇ ÇüÅÂ: »çÀûÀÎ ¿µ¿ªÀ¸·ÎÀÇ Ä§Åõ, »çÀûÀÎ ¿µ¿ªÀÇ Áö¹è: p. 116-117.

"capital [via ICTs] seeks to influence, not ideas or profits, but the very rhythms, patterns, pace, texture, and disciplines of everyday life.... a recomposition of microstructures--and of the experiences--of everyday" (Robins & Webster, 1989, 46). 


2. ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÎ ÁÖÀå:

centralised capitalist mastery over the global domain of knowledge and informationÀÇ Á¸Àç. ºñ·Ï, dispersed and multiple, decentralized....


centralised capitalist mastery: a state-capital complex


capitalist-statist dominance over the whole realm of societies and individuals

via ICTs. "progress without people" (D. Noble, 1995).


ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¸ÀçÀÇ ÀÛµ¿¹æ½Ä: ICTs¸¦ È°¿ëÇÑ control and surveillance¶ó´Â ±âÁ¦.

-- ICTs´Â ÀÚº»°ú Á¤Ä¡Àû ±Ç·ÂÀÇ ±âÁ¸Áú¼­ À¯Áö¿¡ Àû±ØÀûÀ¸·Î ºÀ»çÇÏ´Â ¿ªÇÒ.

-- Á¤º¸»çȸ/Á¤º¸±â¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±àÁ¤Àû ´ã·ÐÀ» È®»ê½ÃÅ°´Â ±âº»µ¿·ÂÀº µµ±¸Àû À̼º. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µµ±¸Àû À̼ºÀ¸·Î ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­¿¡ ¿µÇÕÇÏ´Â ÁÖ·ù ´ã·Ð/ ÁÖ·ùÀÇ ÇÐÀڵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ ºñÆÇ.


Á¤º¸ÀÇ »çȸÀû ±â´É, ¿ªÇÒ propaganda / Á¤º¸±â¼úÀÇ ¹ßÀü, Á¤º¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀϹÝÀû ÀνĿ¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ±º»çüÁ¦ÀÇ ÇÔÀÇ. / ±³À°ÀÇ Ã¼Á¦¼øÀÀÀû ±â±¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ / ´ëÇÐÀÇ À§»ó ÀúÇÏ / °¡»ó»çȸ, °¡»ó¹®È­ÀÇ ÀÚº»ÀÇ ±â¼úÀ» ÅëÇÑ ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ÅëÁ¦,


ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÇ ´ö¸ñ: a conscientization project. 

persistent calls for a critical thinking, deconstruction, defamiliarisation of the contemporary conditions political, cultural, economic, social, etc.  / moral, political engagement with technology, especially ICTs, as public intellectuals.



3. ºñÆÇÀû Á¤Ä¡°æÁ¦ÇÐÀÇ °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ ¾²¿©Áø ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÇ Àüü¸¦ °üÅëÇÏ´Â °¡Àå ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÎ Áú¹®?

p. 130: in emphasising the logic of enclosure associated with the IR, our concern is also with the possibilities now for counter-mobilisation. For,'another space is vitally necessary...an horizon has to be discovered.' Where, then, we might be asking, are the areas of resistance to the cybernetic imagination of capitalism today?


4. ÀúÀÚµéÀÇ ´äº¯?

¡®Being socially constituted, IT and the information society can be socially reconstituted.' IT: An luddite analysis. 1986.

luddismÀÌ Á¦°øÇØÁÖ´Â ÀνÄÀÇ ÁöÆò.


p. 62 / p. 252 ÀÌÇÏ. urban cultural politics. encounter with the others in real world. regain the place-based imagination.


5. ÀǹÌÀÖ´Â ³íÁ¡µé

-- mobilisation / counter-mobilisationÀ̶ó´Â °³³ä. (J. Gaudemard)

-- distance: remoteness and nearnessÀÇ ÇÔÀÇ. p.240ÀÌÇÏ (G. Josipovici)


6. Åä·Ð»çÇ×µé

1. a cultural history of pandaemonium. ÀÌ chapter´Â ²À ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ºÎºÐÀΰ¡? ÀÌ ÀåÀÌ ¾ø¾îµµ ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÇ ÀüüÀûÀÎ ³íÁ¡/ÁÖÀåÀº ¸í·áÇѵ¥, ¿Ö ÀÌ ºÎºÐÀ» ³Ö¾úÀ»±î?


Áö±Ý Á¤º¸»çȸ, Á¤º¸½Ã´ë°¡ another pandaemoniumÀ̶ó´Â, ±×·¡¼­ »õ·Î¿î »ó»ó·ÂÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. »ó»ó·ÂÀº ¿Ö? 

industrial imagination vs. cybernetic imagination.


romantic resistance against the IR / machine / the rationalism?

p.36 "science and technology through the IR had not only shaped the natural and industrial landscape, but also informed the ideas, language, perceptions, emotions and imagination of the inner landscape."


seeks to overcome habit, automatic perception, fatalism among the mass?




2. luddismÀÌ ÁÖ´Â »õ·Î¿î °³ÀÔÀÇ °üÁ¡ÀÌ À¯È¿ÇÑ°¡?

·¯´ÙÀÌÆ®Àû »ç°íÀÇ ÇÙ½É: opposition to the technological and industrial articulation of the capital relation.


p. 62¿¡ ÀϺΠ±â¼úµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ³»¿ë. 

neo-ruralism / neo-luddism¿¡ ¹è¾îÀÖ´Â º¸¼öÀû ¼º°Ý. backwoods dream of primordial community. nostalgia. 


reappropriate the world of use values.... culture of urbanity...

globalisation also provides people particularly in global cities with enormous cultural and political resources.


3. either/or question? confrontation of the virtual and the real? ÀÌ·± ½ÄÀ¸·Î Á¤º¸±â¼ú, Á¤º¸»çȸÀÇ ¿©·¯ ´Ü¸éµéÀ» binary framingÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀûÀýÇÑ °ÍÀΰ¡?

e.g. p.231 ÀÌÇÏ

collapse of temporal and spatial barriers thru ICTs.

virtual geography vs. real geography


virtual culture is a culture of disengagement from the real world....

K. Robins (1995). the online community is not an alternative society, but an alternative to society. asocial society of cyberspace....


4. question of surveillance / possibilities of resistance?


5. conscientization project without much of a heuristic value (Shields and Samarajiva, 1993). °æÁ¦°áÁ¤·ÐÀû »ç°í? / state-capital: homogeneous entity? 


totalizing theoryÀÇ ¹®Á¦.

A totalizing theory is one, like psychoanalysis, that becomes monolithic. At a certain point a theory, fueled by social pressure, can become totalizing, to the extent that its effects are ubiquitous and destructive. In such instances, the totalizing theory will see the entire world through its own lens, and will then, in turn, construct the world according to that lens.


individual praxisÀÇ ¹®Á¦. ÀÌ·ÐÀû Á¤ÇÕ¼ºÀÌ ¿Ï°áµÇ´Â ¼ø°£, ¿ÀÈ÷·Á °³ÀÎÀû/Áý´ÜÀû °³ÀÔÀÇ °¡´É¼º, º¯ÇõÀÇ Æ´À» ãÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â debilitating logic == totalizing logicÀÇ ¸ð¼øÁ¡À» ¾È°í ÀÖ´Â ¹®Á¦.